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Microbial species capable of degrading plastics are known to science, some of which are potentially useful for disposal of certain classes of plastic waste.
Plastics degrade by a variety of processes, the most significant of which is usually photo-oxidation. Their chemical structure determines their fate. Polymers' marine degradation takes much longer as a result of the saline environment and cooling effect of the sea, contributing to the persistence of plastic debris rein certain environments.[54] Recent studies have shown, however, that plastics rein the ocean decompose faster than had been previously thought, due to exposure to the sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting hinein the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A.
Most plastics contain organic polymers.[10] The vast majority of these polymers are formed from chains of carbon atoms, with or without the attachment of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. These chains comprise many repeating units formed from monomers. Each polymer chain consists of several thousand repeating units. The backbone is the part of the chain that is on the main path, linking together a large number of repeat units.
A number of additives identified as hazardous to humans and/or the environment are regulated internationally. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment.[2]
A literature study made in 2022 by geologist student Björn Lycke shows that the amount of microplastics rein sediment is increasing worldwide, especially hinein ports and tourist beaches.[82]
The discovery of polyethylene here terephthalate is credited to employees of the Calico Printers' Association in the UK rein 1941; it was licensed to DuPont for the US and ICI otherwise, and as one of the few plastics appropriate as a replacement for glass rein many circumstances, resulting in widespread use for bottles rein Europe.
Historically, Europe and North America have dominated global plastics production. However, since 2010 Asia has emerged as a significant producer, with China accounting for 31% of total plastic resin production hinein 2020.[29] Regional differences rein the volume of plastics production are driven by Endanwender demand, the price of fossil fuel feedstocks, and investments made hinein the petrochemical industry.
Plasticity also has a technical definition in materials science outside the scope of this article referring to the non-reversible change rein form of solid substances.
While a finished plastic may be non-toxic, the monomers used hinein the manufacture of its parent polymers may Beryllium toxic. In some cases, small amounts of those chemicals can remain trapped hinein the product unless suitable processing is employed.
Welche person sind die Viehtreiber für jedes die immer fort steigende Produktion von Plastik zumal welche Lösungsansätze sind sinnvoll des weiteren realistisch?
Polycarbonate + acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (Parsec + ABS): a blend of PC and ABS that creates a stronger plastic used hinein car interior and exterior parts, and hinein mobile phone bodies
Silicones (polysiloxanes): heat-resistant resins used mainly as sealants but also used for high-temperature cooking utensils and as a base resin for industrial paints
Efforts to minimize environmental impact of plastics may include lowering of plastics production and use, waste- and recycling-policies, and the proactive development and deployment of alternatives to plastics such as for sustainable packaging.
The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century has caused widespread environmental problems,[3] due to their slow decomposition rate in natural ecosystems. Most plastic produced has not been reused, or is incapable of reuse, either being captured in landfills or persisting in the environment as plastic pollution and microplastics.
A huge number of plastics exist beyond the commodity plastics, with many having exceptional properties.